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<p>该备忘单提供了使用 R 语言的示例，涵盖 R 语言基础知识、控制流、类型、结构/类、运算符、函数方法等</p>
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</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="获取帮助"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#获取帮助"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>获取帮助</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<p>访问帮助文件</p>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line">?mean
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 获取特定功能的帮助</span>
</span><span class="code-line">help.search<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'weighted mean'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 在帮助文件中搜索单词或短语</span>
</span><span class="code-line">help<span class="token punctuation">(</span>package <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'dplyr'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 查找软件包的帮助。</span>
</span></code></pre>
<p>有关对象的更多信息</p>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line">str<span class="token punctuation">(</span>iris<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 获取对象结构的摘要</span>
</span><span class="code-line">class<span class="token punctuation">(</span>iris<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 查找对象所属的类</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="下载和使用库"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#下载和使用库"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>下载和使用库</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line">install.packages<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'dplyr'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 从 CRAN 下载并安装软件包</span>
</span><span class="code-line">install.packages<span class="token punctuation">(</span>“BiocManager”<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">library<span class="token punctuation">(</span>BiocManager<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">BiocManager<span class="token operator">::</span>install<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"dplyr"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 使用Bioconductor的BiocManager包下载并安装软件包</span>
</span><span class="code-line">devtools<span class="token operator">::</span>install_github<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"clusterProfiler"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 直接从github中下载并安装软件包</span>
</span><span class="code-line">library<span class="token punctuation">(</span>dplyr<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 将包加载到会话中，使所有其功能可供使用</span>
</span><span class="code-line">dplyr<span class="token operator">::</span>select
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 使用包中的特定函数</span>
</span><span class="code-line">data<span class="token punctuation">(</span>iris<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 将内置数据集加载到环境中。</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="工作目录"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#工作目录"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>工作目录</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<p>查找当前工作目录（其中找到输入并发送输出）</p>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line">getwd<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
<p>更改当前工作目录</p>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line">setwd<span class="token punctuation">(</span>‘C<span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">/</span>file<span class="token operator">/</span>path’<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
<p>使用 RStudio 中的项目来设置工作目录到您正在使用的文件夹</p>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="基础入门"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基础入门"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>基础入门</h2><div class="wrap-body">
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="变量和赋值"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#变量和赋值"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>变量和赋值</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">x <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> <span class="token number">10</span>   <span class="token comment"># 使用箭头赋值</span>
</span><span class="code-line">y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">20</span>    <span class="token comment"># 或者直接使用等号赋值</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="数据类型"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据类型"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>数据类型</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">numeric_var <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> <span class="token number">3.14</span>   <span class="token comment"># 数值型</span>
</span><span class="code-line">character_var <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> <span class="token string">"hello"</span>  <span class="token comment"># 字符串</span>
</span><span class="code-line">logical_var <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span>   <span class="token comment"># 逻辑型</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="向量和列表"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#向量和列表"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>向量和列表</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
<pre class="wrap-text"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 向量</span>
</span><span class="code-line">numeric_vector <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">character_vector <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"orange"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"banana"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 列表</span>
</span><span class="code-line">my_list <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> list<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"John"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> age <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> city <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"New York"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
<p>向量和操作</p>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 创建向量</span>
</span><span class="code-line">numbers <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 计算向量的和</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sum_result <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> sum<span class="token punctuation">(</span>numbers<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 计算向量的平均值</span>
</span><span class="code-line">mean_result <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> mean<span class="token punctuation">(</span>numbers<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="数据框data-frame"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据框data-frame"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>数据框(Data Frame)</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="wrap-text"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">my_df <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> data.frame<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"John"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Alice"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> age <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">25</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 创建数据框</span>
</span><span class="code-line">student_data <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> data.frame<span class="token punctuation">(</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  name <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"John"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Alice"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Bob"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  age <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">25</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">23</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">22</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  grade <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"A"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"B"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"C"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 显示数据框</span>
</span><span class="code-line">print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>student_data<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="函数"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#函数"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>函数</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 定义函数</span>
</span><span class="code-line">add_numbers <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  result <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b
</span><span class="code-line">  return<span class="token punctuation">(</span>result<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 调用函数</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sum_result <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> add_numbers<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="条件语句"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#条件语句"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>条件语句</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>x <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  print<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Positive"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  print<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Non-positive"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="for-循环语句"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#for-循环语句"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>for 循环语句</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="while-循环"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#while-循环"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>while 循环</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line">counter <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>counter <span class="token operator">&#x3C;=</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>counter<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">  counter <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> counter <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="数据读取和输出"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据读取和输出"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>数据读取和输出</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 读取数据</span>
</span><span class="code-line">my_data <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> read.csv<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"data.csv"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 输出数据</span>
</span><span class="code-line">write.csv<span class="token punctuation">(</span>my_data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"output.csv"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="清理工作空间"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#清理工作空间"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>清理工作空间</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 清空所有变量</span>
</span><span class="code-line">rm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>list <span class="token operator">=</span> ls<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 退出 R</span>
</span><span class="code-line">q<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="图形绘制"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#图形绘制"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>图形绘制</h2><div class="wrap-body">
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="散点图"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#散点图"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>散点图</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="直方图"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#直方图"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>直方图</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">hist<span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="线图"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#线图"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>线图</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">,</span> type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"l"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="绘制散点图"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#绘制散点图"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>绘制散点图</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="wrap-text"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">x <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">y <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">,</span> main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Scatter Plot"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> xlab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"X-axis"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ylab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Y-axis"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="绘制直方图"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#绘制直方图"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>绘制直方图</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="wrap-text"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">data <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">hist<span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Histogram"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> xlab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Value"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> col <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"lightblue"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="绘制折线图"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#绘制折线图"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>绘制折线图</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="wrap-text"><code class="language-R code-highlight"><span class="code-line">x <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">y <span class="token operator">&#x3C;-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span><span class="code-line">plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">,</span> type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"l"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Line Plot"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> xlab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"X-axis"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ylab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Y-axis"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</span></code></pre>
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="向量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#向量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>向量</h2><div class="wrap-body">
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist col-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="创建向量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#创建向量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>创建向量</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->



































<table><thead><tr><th>:-</th><th>-</th><th>-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>c(2, 4, 6)</code></td><td>2 4 6</td><td>将元素连接成向量</td></tr><tr><td><code>2:6</code></td><td>2 3 4 5 6</td><td>整数序列</td></tr><tr><td><code>seq(2, 3, by=0.5)</code></td><td>2.0 2.5 3.0</td><td>复杂的序列</td></tr><tr><td><code>rep(1:2, times=3)</code></td><td>1 2 1 2 1 2</td><td>重复向量</td></tr><tr><td><code>rep(1:2, each=3)</code></td><td>1 1 1 2 2 2</td><td>重复向量的元素</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="选择向量元素"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#选择向量元素"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>选择向量元素</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
<h4 id="按位置"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#按位置"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>按位置</h4>





























<table class="left-align"><thead><tr><th>:-</th><th>-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>x[4]</code></td><td>第四个元素</td></tr><tr><td><code>x[-4]</code></td><td>除了第四个之外的所有</td></tr><tr><td><code>x[2:4]</code></td><td>元素二到四</td></tr><tr><td><code>x[-(2:4)]</code></td><td>除二到四之外的所有元素</td></tr><tr><td><code>x[c(1, 5)]</code></td><td>元素一和元素五</td></tr></tbody></table>
<!--rehype:className=left-align-->
<h4 id="按值"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#按值"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>按值</h4>





















<table class="left-align"><thead><tr><th>:-</th><th>-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>x[x == 10]</code></td><td>等于 10 的元素</td></tr><tr><td><code>x[x &#x3C; 0]</code></td><td>所有元素小于零</td></tr><tr><td><code>x[x %in% c(1, 2, 5)]</code></td><td>集合 1, 2, 5 中的元素</td></tr></tbody></table>
<!--rehype:className=left-align-->
<h4 id="命名向量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命名向量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>命名向量</h4>













<table class="left-align"><thead><tr><th>:-</th><th>-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>x['apple']</code></td><td>名为“apple”的元素。</td></tr></tbody></table>
<!--rehype:className=left-align-->
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="重复向量的元素"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#重复向量的元素"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>重复向量的元素</h3><div class="wrap-body">

























<table class="left-align"><thead><tr><th>:-</th><th>-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>sort(x)</code></td><td>返回排序后的 x</td></tr><tr><td><code>rev(x)</code></td><td>返回 x 的反转</td></tr><tr><td><code>table(x)</code></td><td>查看值的计数</td></tr><tr><td><code>unique(x)</code></td><td>查看唯一值</td></tr></tbody></table>
<!--rehype:className=left-align-->
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="另见"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#另见"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>另见</h2><div class="wrap-body">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://blanket58.github.io/books/study-notes-of-R/">全面了解Base R</a> <em>(github.io)</em></li>
<li><a href="https://www.r-project.org/">R 语言官网</a> <em>(r-project.org)</em></li>
<li><a href="https://r4ds.hadley.nz/">数据科学 R</a> <em>(hadley.nz)</em></li>
<li><a href="https://www.tmwr.org/">使用 R 进行整洁的建模</a> <em>(tmwr.org)</em></li>
<li><a href="https://mlr3book.mlr-org.com/">在 R 中使用 mlr3 进行应用机器学习</a> <em>(mlr-org.com)</em></li>
<li><a href="https://srdas.github.io/DLBook/">深度学习</a> <em>(github.io)</em></li>
<li><a href="https://rdrr.io/">搜索任何与 R 相关的内容</a> <em>(rdrr.io)</em></li>
<li><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/">R 文档</a> <em>(rdocumentation.org)</em></li>
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